JD.com, Inc.

ISIN KYG8208B1014

 | 

WKN A2P5N8

Market cap (in EUR)
39,017 m
Country
China
Sector
Consumer Cyclicals
Dividend yield
3.10%
 

Overview

Quote

Description

JD.com, Inc. is a technology-driven E-commerce company, which engages in the sale of electronics products and general merchandise products, including audio, video products, and books. It operates in the following segments: JD Retail, JD Logistics, and New Businesses. The JD Retail segment offers online retail, online marketplace, and marketing services. The JD Logistics segment includes internal and external logistics businesses. The New Businesses segment is composed of JD Property, Jingxi, overseas businesses and technology initiatives. The company was founded on June 18, 1998, by Qiang Dong Liu and is headquartered in Beijing, China.
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Consumer Cyclicals Consumer Retail Electronics and Entertainment Retail China

Chart

Financials

Key metrics

Market capitalisation, EUR 39,017 m
EPS, EUR 0.57
P/B ratio 1.6
P/E ratio 24.6
Dividend yield 3.10%

Income statement (2025)

Revenue, EUR 161,434 m
Net income, EUR 2,421 m
Profit margin 1.50%

What ETF is JD.com, Inc. in?

There are 162 ETFs which contain JD.com, Inc.. All of these ETFs are listed in the table below. The ETF with the largest weighting of JD.com, Inc. is the HSBC Hang Seng TECH UCITS ETF HKD.
ETF Weight Investment focus Fund size (in m EUR)
HSBC MSCI AC Far East ex Japan UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 0.45%
Equity
Asia Pacific
33
iShares MSCI AC Far East ex-Japan UCITS ETF 0.46%
Equity
Asia Pacific
1,537
State Street SPDR MSCI EM Asia UCITS ETF USD 0.43%
Equity
Asia Pacific
1,417
iShares MSCI EM UCITS ETF (Dist) 0.34%
Equity
Emerging Markets
8,377
Xtrackers Portfolio UCITS ETF 1C 0.03%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
718
iShares Moderate Portfolio UCITS ETF EUR (Acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
43
iShares Asia ex Japan Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.44%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
77
Franklin FTSE China UCITS ETF 1.26%
Equity
China
1,406
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF CHF Hedged (acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
3
HSBC MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD 0.34%
Equity
Emerging Markets
3,520
iShares Moderate Portfolio UCITS ETF GBP Hedged (Acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
26
iShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets IMI UCITS ETF 0.29%
Equity
Emerging Markets
1,451
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF GBP PfHdg Dist 0.06%
Equity
World
21
KraneShares CSI China Internet UCITS ETF EUR 4.93%
Equity
China
Technology
148
iShares MSCI EM UCITS ETF (Acc) 0.34%
Equity
Emerging Markets
7,841
Xtrackers MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF 1C 0.34%
Equity
Emerging Markets
10,942
Amundi Prime All Country World UCITS ETF Acc 0.04%
Equity
World
1,697
KraneShares CSI China Internet UCITS ETF GBP 4.93%
Equity
China
Technology
51
Xtrackers MSCI China UCITS ETF 1D 1.33%
Equity
China
797
CT QR Series Global Equity Active UCITS ETF USD Dist 0.00%
Equity
World
Fundamental/Quality
-
Vanguard LifeStrategy 40% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
40
iShares MSCI ACWI UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 0.04%
Equity
World
6
UBS ETF (LU) MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF (USD) A-UKdis 0.35%
Equity
Emerging Markets
92
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World Investable Market UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Acc) 0.05%
Equity
World
5,169
Xtrackers MSCI AC World Screened UCITS ETF 2C - EUR Hedged 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
85
JPMorgan AC Asia Pacific ex Japan Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF USD (acc) 0.21%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
166
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF hCHF dis 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
30
Vanguard ESG Global All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing 0.05%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
524
Invesco MSCI China All Shares Stock Connect UCITS ETF Acc 0.79%
Equity
China
99
HSBC Emerging Market Screened Equity UCITS ETF USD 0.16%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
192
iShares MSCI EM IMI Screened UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 0.31%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1,225
HSBC Hang Seng TECH UCITS ETF HKD 5.51%
Equity
Hong Kong
Technology
1,428
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World Investable Market UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Dist) 0.05%
Equity
World
105
Xtrackers MSCI China UCITS ETF 1C 1.33%
Equity
China
1,037
Scalable MSCI AC World Xtrackers UCITS ETF 1C 0.04%
Equity
World
581
Amundi MSCI Millennials UCITS ETF Acc 1.19%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Millennials
20
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF USD acc 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
652
iShares BIC 50 UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 1.84%
Equity
Emerging Markets
114
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF hEUR acc 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
658
Vanguard LifeStrategy 20% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
15
UBS Core MSCI EM UCITS ETF USD dis 0.35%
Equity
Emerging Markets
2,454
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
88
Amundi MSCI China ESG Selection UCITS ETF DR (C) 2.67%
Equity
China
Social/Environmental
151
State Street SPDR MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD 0.35%
Equity
Emerging Markets
1,704
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF EUR PfHdg Acc 0.06%
Equity
World
49
Xtrackers MSCI AC World Screened UCITS ETF 1C 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
5,484
JPMorgan Global Emerging Markets Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF USD (acc) 0.21%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1,848
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF USD dis 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
49
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF Acc 0.06%
Equity
World
3,013
iShares Conservative Portfolio UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc) 0.01%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
0
iShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets IMI UCITS ETF (Acc) 0.29%
Equity
Emerging Markets
34,762
JPMorgan AC Asia Pacific ex Japan Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF USD (dist) 0.21%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
0
iShares MSCI China UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 1.33%
Equity
China
2,763
First Trust Global Equity Income UCITS ETF Dist 0.52%
Equity
World
Fundamental/Quality
49
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF USD dis 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
2,252
State Street Climate Transition Emerging Markets Enhanced Equity Fund UCITS ETF 0.27%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
1
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI ACWI SRI S-Series PAB 5% Capped UCITS ETF EUR Acc 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
16
Amundi Core MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF Acc 0.32%
Equity
Emerging Markets
3,915
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF EUR (acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
0
Xtrackers Emerging Markets Net Zero Pathway Paris Aligned UCITS ETF 0.41%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
15
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF hGBP acc 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
274
Vanguard LifeStrategy 40% Equity UCITS ETF Accumulating 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
221
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF hEUR acc 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
751
iShares MSCI ACWI Screened UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
2,097
iShares China Large Cap UCITS ETF 2.99%
Equity
China
803
iShares MSCI EM IMI Screened UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.31%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
5,602
First Trust Dow Jones International Internet UCITS ETF Acc 4.71%
Equity
World
Technology
7
Vanguard FTSE All-World High Dividend Yield UCITS ETF Distributing 0.09%
Equity
World
Dividend
8,070
iShares Emerging Markets Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF (Dist) 0.37%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
57
iShares MSCI EM ESG Enhanced CTB UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 0.26%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1,155
HSBC PLUS Emerging Markets Equity Quant Active UCITS ETF USD Acc 0.50%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Multi-Factor Strategy
121
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF hJPY acc 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
109
iShares MSCI EM ESG Enhanced CTB UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.26%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
8,191
UBS MSCI EM Socially Responsible UCITS ETF USD acc 1.39%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
751
Invesco Emerging Markets Enhanced Equity UCITS ETF Acc 0.27%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Multi-Factor Strategy
90
iShares MSCI AC Far East ex-Japan UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.46%
Equity
Asia Pacific
104
Amundi Core MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF EUR Dist 0.32%
Equity
Emerging Markets
1,052
iShares MSCI China Tech UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 5.41%
Equity
China
Technology
Social/Environmental
2,000
Invesco MSCI Emerging Markets Universal Screened UCITS ETF Acc 0.56%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
59
WisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises UCITS ETF 0.56%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
19
Xtrackers Portfolio Income UCITS ETF 1D 0.05%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
58
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF hGBP dis 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
417
HSBC Asia Pacific Ex Japan Screened Equity UCITS ETF USD 0.04%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
457
Franklin FTSE Emerging Markets UCITS ETF (Acc) 0.37%
Equity
Emerging Markets
7
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI ACWI SRI S-Series PAB 5% Capped UCITS ETF USD C 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
58
Vanguard LifeStrategy 80% Equity UCITS ETF (EUR) Accumulating 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
1,052
State Street Emerging Markets Screened Enhanced Equity Fund UCITS ETF 0.41%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1
First Trust Global Equity Income UCITS ETF Acc 0.52%
Equity
World
Fundamental/Quality
84
Invesco MSCI China Technology All Shares Stock Connect UCITS ETF Acc 3.91%
Equity
China
Innovation
144
HSBC Asia Pacific Ex Japan Screened Equity UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 0.04%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
80
HSBC MSCI China UCITS ETF USD 1.32%
Equity
China
915
Vanguard ESG Emerging Markets All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing 0.40%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
18
KraneShares ICBCCS China S&P 500 UCITS ETF 0.75%
Equity
China
65
iShares MSCI EM Asia UCITS ETF (Acc) 0.42%
Equity
Asia Pacific
6,647
iShares Growth Portfolio UCITS ETF GBP Hedged (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
24
Vanguard FTSE All-World UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating 0.04%
Equity
World
37,789
Amundi MSCI Emerging Markets ESG Selection UCITS ETF DR (C) 0.70%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1,127
HSBC MSCI AC Far East ex Japan UCITS ETF USD 0.45%
Equity
Asia Pacific
380
L&G Gerd Kommer Multifactor Equity UCITS ETF USD Distributing 0.07%
Equity
World
Multi-Factor Strategy
195
Amundi MSCI EM Asia ESG Broad Transition UCITS ETF Acc 0.27%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
635
CT QR Series Global Equity Active UCITS ETF USD Acc 0.00%
Equity
World
Fundamental/Quality
-
Amundi MSCI China Tech UCITS ETF USD Acc 1.46%
Equity
China
Social/Environmental
Innovation
38
VanEck Morningstar Global Wide Moat UCITS ETF 1.02%
Equity
World
Moat
147
Vanguard FTSE All-World High Dividend Yield UCITS ETF Acc 0.09%
Equity
World
Dividend
2,229
Xtrackers Harvest MSCI China Tech 100 UCITS ETF 1C 4.85%
Equity
China
Social/Environmental
Innovation
34
Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing 0.36%
Equity
Emerging Markets
3,016
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF hCHF dis 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
45
Xtrackers MSCI AC World Screened UCITS ETF 5C - USD Hedged 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
1
JPMorgan Global Emerging Markets Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF USD (dist) 0.21%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
25
JPMorgan Global Emerging Markets Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF EUR (acc) 0.21%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
14
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF hCHF acc 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
1,405
Xtrackers MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF 1D 0.34%
Equity
Emerging Markets
331
iShares MSCI ACWI UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
26,625
iShares Emerging Markets Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.37%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
1,103
Vanguard LifeStrategy 80% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
79
HSBC Emerging Market Screened Equity UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 0.16%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
58
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF USD (acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
196
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF hUSD acc 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
378
HSBC MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 0.34%
Equity
Emerging Markets
1,037
HSBC MSCI China UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 1.32%
Equity
China
109
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
1,425
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
20
iShares Conservative Portfolio UCITS ETF EUR (Acc) 0.01%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
16
HSBC MSCI Emerging Markets Value Screened UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 1.54%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Value
89
UBS Core MSCI EM UCITS ETF USD acc 0.35%
Equity
Emerging Markets
6,409
Amundi Prime Emerging Markets UCITS ETF DR (C) 0.37%
Equity
Emerging Markets
712
L&G Gerd Kommer Multifactor Equity UCITS ETF USD Accumulating 0.07%
Equity
World
Multi-Factor Strategy
1,142
Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating 0.36%
Equity
Emerging Markets
1,805
iShares MSCI Emerging Markets Consumer Growth UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 1.28%
Equity
World
Consumer Discretionary
37
Amundi MSCI AC Far East Ex Japan ESG Selection UCITS ETF DR - USD (C) 1.00%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
4
KraneShares CSI China Internet UCITS ETF USD 4.93%
Equity
China
Technology
378
iShares MSCI China UCITS ETF USD (Dist) 1.33%
Equity
China
78
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF Dist 0.06%
Equity
World
233
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI Emerging Min TE UCITS ETF 0.35%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1,715
Vanguard LifeStrategy 20% Equity UCITS ETF Accumulating 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
96
HANetf EMQQ Emerging Markets Internet UCITS ETF 3.42%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
E-commerce
93
Vanguard LifeStrategy 60% Equity UCITS ETF Accumulating 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
807
UBS MSCI AC Asia ex Japan Selection UCITS ETF USD acc 0.84%
Equity
Asia Pacific
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
10
iShares Moderate Portfolio UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
7
Vanguard ESG Emerging Markets All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating 0.40%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
84
Amundi MSCI Digital Economy UCITS ETF Acc 0.84%
Equity
World
Technology
Social/Environmental
Digitalisation
104
Amundi Core MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD Dist 0.32%
Equity
Emerging Markets
102
iShares China Large Cap UCITS ETF USD (Acc) 2.99%
Equity
China
Large Cap
32
UBS MSCI China Universal UCITS ETF USD dis 2.39%
Equity
China
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
202
Xtrackers MSCI Emerging Markets Climate Transition UCITS ETF 1C 0.31%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
113
iShares Growth Portfolio UCITS ETF EUR (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
90
iShares Conservative Portfolio UCITS ETF GBP Hedged (Acc) 0.01%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
3
Amundi Prime All Country World UCITS ETF Dist 0.04%
Equity
World
3,958
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF USD (dist) 0.02%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
55
Vanguard FTSE All-World UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing 0.04%
Equity
World
21,288
UBS MSCI ACWI Universal UCITS ETF hUSD acc 0.06%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
1,245
UBS MSCI ACWI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF hCHF acc 0.16%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
478
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
10,556
iShares Growth Portfolio UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc) 0.04%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
Multi-Asset Strategy
2
Amundi MSCI China Tech UCITS ETF EUR Acc 1.46%
Equity
China
Social/Environmental
Innovation
249
Xtrackers MSCI Emerging Markets ESG UCITS ETF 1C 0.82%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
1,454
Amundi MSCI Emerging Markets ESG Broad Transition UCITS ETF DR (C) 0.32%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
1,794
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF CHF PfHdg Acc 0.06%
Equity
World
48
Vanguard ESG Global All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating 0.05%
Equity
World
Social/Environmental
865
UBS MSCI EM Socially Responsible UCITS ETF USD dis 1.39%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
Climate Change
2,348
L&G Emerging Markets Equity UCITS ETF USD Acc 0.37%
Equity
Emerging Markets
Social/Environmental
123
Vanguard LifeStrategy 60% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing 0.02%
Equity
World
Multi-Asset Strategy
101

Performance

Returns overview

YTD +12.57%
1 month +4.22%
3 months +19.00%
6 months +9.12%
1 year -5.84%
3 years -14.86%
5 years -54.14%
Since inception (MAX) -48.73%
2025 -22.29%
2024 +22.95%
2023 -51.72%
2022 -5.33%

Monthly returns in a heat map

Risk

Risk metrics in this section:
 
  • Volatility, annualised, measured for 1, 3 and 5 year periods. The annualised volatility reflects the degree of price fluctuations during a one year period. The higher the volatility, the more significantly the price of the asset (stock, ETF, etc.) has changed in the past. Assets with higher volatility are generally considered more risky. We calculate the volatility based on the data for the past 1, 3 and 5 years so that you can see if price fluctuations for the ETF became stronger or weaker over time.
  • Return per risk for 1, 3 and 5 year periods. This is the annualised (i.e. converted to a one year period) past return divided by the past annualised volatility. The metric puts the historical return of an asset in relation to its historical risk and gives you a retrospective indication of the degree of price fluctuation you had to bear with in order to obtain the return. We calculate this parameter for 1, 3 and 5 year periods to display its evolution over time.
  • Maximum drawdown for a period. This shows the worst possible loss an investor could have suffered during the respective period, by first buying and subsequently selling the asset at the least favourable prices. For example, if there was the following sequence of daily ETF prices: 10€, 5€, 12€, 20€, an investor would have suffered the worst loss by buying for 10€ and subsequently selling for 5€. Therefore in this case the maximum drawdown would be (5€ - 10€)/10€ = -50%.
ETF returns include dividend payments (if applicable).
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Risk overview

Volatility 1 year 31.59%
Volatility 3 years 43.97%
Volatility 5 years 51.70%
Return per risk 1 year -0.18
Return per risk 3 years -0.12
Return per risk 5 years -0.28
Maximum drawdown 1 year -29.48%
Maximum drawdown 3 years -48.03%
Maximum drawdown 5 years -75.11%
Maximum drawdown since inception -78.14%

Rolling 1 year volatility

— Data provided by Trackinsight, etfinfo, Xignite Inc., gettex, FactSet and justETF GmbH.

Quotes are either real-time (gettex) or 15 minutes delayed stock exchange quotes or NAVs (daily published by the fund provider). By default, ETF returns include dividend payments (if applicable). There is no warranty for completeness, accuracy and correctness for the displayed information.