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PDD Holdings

ISIN US7223041028

WKN A2JRK6

Market cap (in EUR)

121,387 m

Country

Ireland

Sector

Consumer Non-Cyclicals

Dividend yield

0.00%

Overview

Quote

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Description

PDD Holdings, Inc. is a multinational commerce group that owns and operates a portfolio of businesses. The company aims to bring more businesses and people into the digital economy so that local communities and small businesses can benefit from increased productivity and new opportunities. It has built a network of sourcing, logistics, and fulfillment capabilities, that support its underlying businesses. PDD Holdings was founded by Hua Lin Cai and Zheng Huang in 2015 and is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland.

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Consumer Non-Cyclicals Food and Staples Retail General Merchandise Retail Ireland

Chart

Financials

Key metrics

Market capitalisation, EUR	121,387 m
EPS, EUR	8.26
P/B ratio	2.5
P/E ratio	10.1
Dividend yield	0.00%

Income statement (2025)

Revenue, EUR	53,251 m
Net income, EUR	12,253 m
Profit margin	23.01%

What ETF is PDD Holdings in?

There are 163 ETFs which contain PDD Holdings. All of these ETFs are listed in the table below. The ETF with the largest weighting of PDD Holdings is the HANetf EMQQ Emerging Markets Internet UCITS ETF.

ETF	Weight	Investment focus	Fund size (in m EUR)
HSBC MSCI AC Far East ex Japan UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.84%	Equity Asia Pacific	29
iShares MSCI AC Far East ex-Japan UCITS ETF	0.85%	Equity Asia Pacific	1,193
iShares Dow Jones China Offshore 50 UCITS ETF (DE)	5.57%	Equity China	43
State Street SPDR MSCI EM Asia UCITS ETF USD	0.78%	Equity Asia Pacific	1,263
iShares MSCI EM UCITS ETF (Dist)	0.63%	Equity Emerging Markets	7,837
Xtrackers Portfolio UCITS ETF 1C	0.05%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	688
Invesco EQQQ Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF Acc	0.37%	Equity United States Technology	3,046
iShares Moderate Portfolio UCITS ETF EUR (Acc)	0.02%	Equity World Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	39
Invesco Nasdaq-100 ESG UCITS ETF Acc	0.27%	Equity United States Technology Social/Environmental	1,708
AXA IM NASDAQ 100 UCITS ETF EUR (H) Acc	0.39%	Equity United States Technology	10
Invesco FTSE RAFI All World 3000 UCITS ETF	0.02%	Equity World Fundamental/Quality	188
iShares Asia ex Japan Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.68%	Equity Asia Pacific Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	68
Franklin FTSE China UCITS ETF	2.67%	Equity China	1,472
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF CHF Hedged (acc)	0.07%	Equity World Social/Environmental	3
HSBC MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD	0.63%	Equity Emerging Markets	3,220
iShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets IMI UCITS ETF	0.55%	Equity Emerging Markets	1,385
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF GBP PfHdg Dist	0.09%	Equity World	17
KraneShares CSI China Internet UCITS ETF EUR	5.70%	Equity China Technology	133
iShares MSCI EM UCITS ETF (Acc)	0.63%	Equity Emerging Markets	7,157
HANetf HAN-GINS Tech Megatrend Equal Weight UCITS ETF	0.63%	Equity World Technology Innovation	79
Xtrackers MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF 1C	0.68%	Equity Emerging Markets	9,779
JPMorgan Nasdaq Hedged Equity Laddered Overlay Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.12%	Equity United States Buffer Alternative Investments	9
Amundi Prime All Country World UCITS ETF Acc	0.08%	Equity World	1,303
Invesco Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF CHF Hedged	0.37%	Equity United States Technology	604
KraneShares CSI China Internet UCITS ETF GBP	5.70%	Equity China Technology	51
AXA IM MSCI Emerging Markets Equity PAB UCITS ETF USD Acc	0.61%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	21
Xtrackers MSCI China UCITS ETF 1D	2.56%	Equity China	786
HSBC Multi-Factor Worldwide Equity UCITS ETF USD	0.72%	Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy	803
Vanguard LifeStrategy 40% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	37
JPMorgan Nasdaq Equity Premium Income Active UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.12%	Equity United States Technology Covered Call Alternative Investments	2,516
iShares MSCI ACWI UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.08%	Equity World	5
JPMorgan Nasdaq Equity Premium Income Active UCITS ETF EUR (Dist)	0.12%	Equity United States Covered Call Alternative Investments	3
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World Investable Market UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Acc)	0.06%	Equity World	4,643
JPMorgan AC Asia Pacific ex Japan Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF USD (acc)	0.53%	Equity Asia Pacific Social/Environmental	148
Vanguard ESG Global All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing	0.09%	Equity World Social/Environmental	481
Invesco MSCI China All Shares Stock Connect UCITS ETF Acc	1.65%	Equity China	87
UBS MSCI EM Climate Paris Aligned UCITS ETF USD acc	0.61%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	387
HSBC Emerging Market Screened Equity UCITS ETF USD	0.01%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	206
iShares MSCI EM IMI Screened UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.58%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	1,150
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World Investable Market UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Dist)	0.06%	Equity World	92
Xtrackers MSCI China UCITS ETF 1C	2.56%	Equity China	1,010
Scalable MSCI AC World Xtrackers UCITS ETF 1C	0.09%	Equity World	505
Global X E-commerce UCITS ETF USD Accumulating	4.56%	Equity World Consumer Discretionary E-commerce	3
Invesco NASDAQ-100 ESG UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc	0.27%	Equity United States Technology Social/Environmental	2
Invesco Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF EUR Hedged	0.37%	Equity United States Technology	416
Amundi Prime All Country World UCITS ETF GBP Hedged Dist	0.08%	Equity World	26
iShares BIC 50 UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	4.13%	Equity Emerging Markets	116
Deka Nasdaq-100® UCITS ETF	0.37%	Equity United States Technology	81
Vanguard LifeStrategy 20% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	15
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI China Min TE UCITS ETF EUR Acc	2.70%	Equity China Social/Environmental	89
UBS Core MSCI EM UCITS ETF USD dis	0.64%	Equity Emerging Markets	2,127
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc)	0.08%	Equity World	67
State Street SPDR MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD	0.63%	Equity Emerging Markets	1,569
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF EUR PfHdg Acc	0.09%	Equity World	42
Fidelity Emerging Markets Equity Research Enhanced UCITS ETF ACC-USD	1.13%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	2,838
JPMorgan Global Emerging Markets Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF USD (acc)	0.53%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	1,645
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF Acc	0.09%	Equity World	2,593
L&G Ecommerce Logistics UCITS ETF	1.66%	Equity World Consumer Discretionary E-commerce	63
iShares Conservative Portfolio UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc)	0.01%	Equity World Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	0
iShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets IMI UCITS ETF (Acc)	0.55%	Equity Emerging Markets	32,654
JPMorgan AC Asia Pacific ex Japan Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF USD (dist)	0.53%	Equity Asia Pacific Social/Environmental	0
iShares MSCI China UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	2.69%	Equity China	3,058
Franklin EM Multi-Factor Equity UCITS ETF USD	0.71%	Equity Emerging Markets Multi-Factor Strategy	65
WisdomTree Megatrends UCITS ETF USD	0.70%	Equity World Social/Environmental Innovation	33
State Street Climate Transition Emerging Markets Enhanced Equity Fund UCITS ETF	0.41%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	0
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI ACWI SRI S-Series PAB 5% Capped UCITS ETF EUR Acc	0.08%	Equity World Social/Environmental	15
Amundi Core MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF Acc	0.64%	Equity Emerging Markets	3,634
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF EUR (acc)	0.07%	Equity World Social/Environmental	1
Xtrackers Emerging Markets Net Zero Pathway Paris Aligned UCITS ETF	0.66%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	13
Vanguard LifeStrategy 40% Equity UCITS ETF Accumulating	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	210
iShares MSCI ACWI Screened UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.08%	Equity World Social/Environmental	504
iShares MSCI EM IMI Screened UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.58%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	5,296
First Trust Dow Jones International Internet UCITS ETF Acc	5.31%	Equity World Technology	7
iShares Emerging Markets Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF (Dist)	0.55%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	57
iShares MSCI EM ESG Enhanced CTB UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.48%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	1,088
HSBC PLUS Emerging Markets Equity Quant Active UCITS ETF USD Acc	1.44%	Equity Emerging Markets Multi-Factor Strategy	111
JPMorgan Nasdaq Equity Premium Income Active UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Dist)	0.12%	Equity United States Covered Call Alternative Investments	3
iShares MSCI EM ESG Enhanced CTB UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.48%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	7,791
Invesco Emerging Markets Enhanced Equity UCITS ETF Acc	0.67%	Equity Emerging Markets Multi-Factor Strategy	81
AXA IM NASDAQ 100 UCITS ETF USD Acc	0.39%	Equity United States Technology	1,798
iShares MSCI AC Far East ex-Japan UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.85%	Equity Asia Pacific	87
Amundi Core MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF EUR Dist	0.64%	Equity Emerging Markets	946
iShares MSCI China Tech UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	6.32%	Equity China Technology Social/Environmental	1,728
WisdomTree Emerging Markets ex-State-Owned Enterprises UCITS ETF	0.91%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	14
Franklin FTSE Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD Capitalisation	0.79%	Equity Emerging Markets	11
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI ACWI SRI S-Series PAB 5% Capped UCITS ETF USD C	0.08%	Equity World Social/Environmental	25
Vanguard LifeStrategy 80% Equity UCITS ETF (EUR) Accumulating	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	964
State Street Emerging Markets Screened Enhanced Equity Fund UCITS ETF	0.45%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	0
HSBC MSCI China UCITS ETF USD	2.61%	Equity China	878
Vanguard ESG Emerging Markets All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing	0.83%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	18
iShares MSCI EM Asia UCITS ETF (Acc)	0.78%	Equity Asia Pacific	5,882
HSBC MSCI AC Asia Pacific ex Japan Climate Paris Aligned UCITS ETF	0.61%	Equity Asia Pacific Social/Environmental Climate Change	14
Vanguard FTSE All-World UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating	0.08%	Equity World	33,101
HSBC MSCI AC Far East ex Japan UCITS ETF USD	0.84%	Equity Asia Pacific	338
Xtrackers Nasdaq 100 UCITS ETF 1C	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	1,513
L&G Gerd Kommer Multifactor Equity UCITS ETF USD Distributing	0.09%	Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy	177
Amundi MSCI EM Asia ESG Broad Transition UCITS ETF Acc	0.53%	Equity Asia Pacific Social/Environmental Climate Change	564
Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing	0.74%	Equity Emerging Markets	2,833
UBS Nasdaq-100 ESG Enhanced UCITS ETF USD acc	0.20%	Equity United States Technology Social/Environmental	2
JPMorgan Global Emerging Markets Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF USD (dist)	0.53%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	23
JPMorgan Global Emerging Markets Research Enhanced Index Equity (ESG) UCITS ETF EUR (acc)	0.53%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	12
Xtrackers MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF 1D	0.68%	Equity Emerging Markets	301
iShares MSCI ACWI UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.08%	Equity World	23,715
iShares Emerging Markets Equity Enhanced Active UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.55%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	957
Vanguard LifeStrategy 80% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	71
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF USD (acc)	0.07%	Equity World Social/Environmental	174
HSBC Emerging Market Screened Equity UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.01%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	59
UBS Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF USD acc	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	120
HSBC MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	0.63%	Equity Emerging Markets	937
HSBC MSCI China UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	2.61%	Equity China	107
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Acc)	0.08%	Equity World	1,157
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (acc)	0.07%	Equity World Social/Environmental	18
iShares Conservative Portfolio UCITS ETF EUR (Acc)	0.01%	Equity World Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	15
UBS Core MSCI EM UCITS ETF USD acc	0.64%	Equity Emerging Markets	5,785
Amundi Prime Emerging Markets UCITS ETF DR (C)	0.65%	Equity Emerging Markets	361
L&G Gerd Kommer Multifactor Equity UCITS ETF USD Accumulating	0.09%	Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy	1,035
Vanguard FTSE Emerging Markets UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating	0.74%	Equity Emerging Markets	1,715
iShares MSCI Emerging Markets Consumer Growth UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	2.38%	Equity World Consumer Discretionary	37
Franklin MSCI China Paris Aligned Climate UCITS ETF	2.52%	Equity China Social/Environmental Climate Change	8
KraneShares CSI China Internet UCITS ETF USD	5.70%	Equity China Technology	347
iShares MSCI China UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	2.69%	Equity China	379
JPMorgan Nasdaq Hedged Equity Laddered Overlay Active UCITS ETF USD (Dist)	0.12%	Equity United States Buffer Alternative Investments	7
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF Dist	0.09%	Equity World	207
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI Emerging Min TE UCITS ETF	0.63%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	1,452
iShares Nasdaq 100 UCITS ETF (Acc)	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	18,549
Invesco EQQQ Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF	0.37%	Equity United States Technology	9,004
Vanguard LifeStrategy 20% Equity UCITS ETF Accumulating	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	95
Invesco NASDAQ-100 Equal Weight UCITS ETF Acc	0.94%	Equity United States Technology Equal Weighted	72
HANetf EMQQ Emerging Markets Internet UCITS ETF	6.41%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental E-commerce	93
Vanguard LifeStrategy 60% Equity UCITS ETF Accumulating	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	744
BNP Paribas Easy MSCI China Min TE UCITS ETF USD Acc	2.70%	Equity China Social/Environmental	14
iShares Moderate Portfolio UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc)	0.02%	Equity World Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	7
Leverage Shares -5x Short Nasdaq 100 ETP	0.35%	Equity United States Technology	6
Vanguard ESG Emerging Markets All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating	0.83%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	77
HSBC PLUS Emerging Markets Equity Income Quant Active UCITS ETF USD Dist	0.15%	Equity World Dividend	77
Amundi Core MSCI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF USD Dist	0.64%	Equity Emerging Markets	114
JPMorgan Nasdaq Equity Premium Income Active UCITS ETF USD (acc)	0.12%	Equity United States Technology Covered Call Alternative Investments	98
iShares Growth Portfolio UCITS ETF EUR (Acc)	0.05%	Equity World Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	80
UBS Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF USD dis	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	15
ODDO BHF Global Equity Active UCITS ETF (Acc)	0.17%	Equity World Social/Environmental	5
Amundi Prime All Country World UCITS ETF Dist	0.08%	Equity World	3,594
UBS MSCI ACWI Climate Paris Aligned UCITS ETF USD acc	0.07%	Equity World Social/Environmental Climate Change	33
JPMorgan All Country Research Enhanced Index Equity Active UCITS ETF USD (dist)	0.07%	Equity World Social/Environmental	52
HSBC MSCI Emerging Markets Climate Paris Aligned UCITS ETF	0.62%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	30
Vanguard FTSE All-World UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing	0.08%	Equity World	19,779
UBS Nasdaq-100 UCITS ETF CHF Hedged acc	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	71
Amundi US Tech 100 Equal Weight UCITS ETF DR USD D	0.86%	Equity United States Technology Equal Weighted	32
State Street SPDR MSCI All Country World UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Acc)	0.08%	Equity World	8,876
iShares Growth Portfolio UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc)	0.05%	Equity World Social/Environmental Multi-Asset Strategy	1
iShares Nasdaq 100 UCITS ETF EUR Hedged Acc	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	1,646
iShares Nasdaq 100 UCITS ETF (DE)	0.38%	Equity United States Technology	4,394
Amundi MSCI Emerging Markets ESG Broad Transition UCITS ETF DR (C)	0.34%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	1,548
iShares Edge MSCI EM Minimum Volatility UCITS ETF	0.04%	Equity Emerging Markets Low Volatility/Risk Weighted	288
Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF CHF PfHdg Acc	0.09%	Equity World	34
Leverage Shares 5x Long Nasdaq 100 ETP	0.35%	Equity United States Technology	24
Invesco FTSE RAFI Emerging Markets UCITS ETF	0.26%	Equity Emerging Markets Fundamental/Quality	76
Deka MSCI China ex A Shares UCITS ETF	3.11%	Equity China	76
Vanguard ESG Global All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating	0.09%	Equity World Social/Environmental	768
iShares Nasdaq 100 ex-Top 30 UCITS ETF USD (Acc)	1.60%	Equity United States Technology	7
L&G Emerging Markets Equity UCITS ETF USD Acc	0.72%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental	115
Invesco Nasdaq-100 Income Advantage UCITS ETF Dist	0.28%	Equity United States Covered Call Alternative Investments	6
Vanguard LifeStrategy 60% Equity UCITS ETF Distributing	0.01%	Equity World Multi-Asset Strategy	94
Franklin MSCI Emerging Markets Paris Aligned Climate UCITS ETF	0.64%	Equity Emerging Markets Social/Environmental Climate Change	7

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Order volume:

Order fee	Stock savings plans
0.99 €	4500	View offer**
0.00 €	8045	View offer*
0.00 €	7560	View offer*
1.00 €	2500	View offer*
9.95 €	5000	View offer*

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Source: justETF Research; as of 4/2026. The offers are sorted in the following way: 1. Rating 2. Order fee 3. Number of stock savings plans. The number of stock savings plans is rounded. In addition to the fees charged by online brokers, additional costs may apply. The stated fees are thus exclusive of standard market spreads, commissions, product costs and third-party fees. Please note: No guarantee can be given for the completeness, correctness and accuracy of the content listed. The information on the online brokers' homepages is decisive. Investments in securities involve risks.
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** Important note: We are part of the Scalable Group since 2021 and are a wholly owned subsidiary of Scalable GmbH. This means that we are economically connected, but operate with editorial independence. Conflicts of interest are avoided because brokers — including Scalable — are evaluated according to uniform, objective criteria. You can view these in our transparent rating system. Ultimately, it’s up to you to decide how and with whom you want to invest.

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Broker	Rating	Execution fee	Account fee
		0.00 €	0.00 €	View offer**
		0.00 €	0.00 €	View offer*
		0.00 €	0.00 €	View offer*
		0.00 €	0.00 €	View offer*
		0.00 €	0.00 €	View offer*

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Source: justETF Research; as of 4/2026. The offers are sorted in the following way: 1. Rating 2. Execution fee 3. Number of stock savings plans. The number of stock savings plans is rounded. In addition to the fees charged by online brokers, additional costs may apply. The stated fees are thus exclusive of standard market spreads, commissions, product costs and third-party fees. Please note: No guarantee can be given for the completeness, correctness and accuracy of the content listed. The information on the online brokers' homepages is decisive. Investments in securities involve risks.
*Affiliate link
** Important note: We are part of the Scalable Group since 2021 and are a wholly owned subsidiary of Scalable GmbH. This means that we are economically connected, but operate with editorial independence. Conflicts of interest are avoided because brokers — including Scalable — are evaluated according to uniform, objective criteria. You can view these in our transparent rating system. Ultimately, it’s up to you to decide how and with whom you want to invest.

Performance

Returns overview

YTD	-12.18%
1 month	-5.59%
3 months	-17.44%
6 months	-18.81%
1 year	+8.85%
3 years	+29.86%
5 years	-25.70%
Since inception (MAX)	+259.03%
2025	+4.74%
2024	-29.19%
2023	+77.30%
2022	+55.79%

Monthly returns in a heat map

Risk

Risk metrics in this section:

Volatility, annualised, measured for 1, 3 and 5 year periods. The annualised volatility reflects the degree of price fluctuations during a one year period. The higher the volatility, the more significantly the price of the asset (stock, ETF, etc.) has changed in the past. Assets with higher volatility are generally considered more risky. We calculate the volatility based on the data for the past 1, 3 and 5 years so that you can see if price fluctuations for the ETF became stronger or weaker over time.
Return per risk for 1, 3 and 5 year periods. This is the annualised (i.e. converted to a one year period) past return divided by the past annualised volatility. The metric puts the historical return of an asset in relation to its historical risk and gives you a retrospective indication of the degree of price fluctuation you had to bear with in order to obtain the return. We calculate this parameter for 1, 3 and 5 year periods to display its evolution over time.
Maximum drawdown for a period. This shows the worst possible loss an investor could have suffered during the respective period, by first buying and subsequently selling the asset at the least favourable prices. For example, if there was the following sequence of daily ETF prices: 10€, 5€, 12€, 20€, an investor would have suffered the worst loss by buying for 10€ and subsequently selling for 5€. Therefore in this case the maximum drawdown would be (5€ - 10€)/10€ = -50%.

ETF returns include dividend payments (if applicable).